passage1注解:标题为红色,翻译为蓝色,分析为绿色。????????habits are a funny thing. we reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting((不懂得反思的,不懂得反过来思考的)) herd(兽群,畜群,人群(文章是指人群)),” william wordsworth said in the 19th century. in the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative implication.
????? ?so it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. but brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.
????????rather than dismissing(解雇的,言外之意就是:我们对于不成不变的生物习惯是不认可的) ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. in fact, the more new things we try—the more we step outside our comfort zone—the more inherently(内在地,固有地) creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.
????????but don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts(车辙,凹痕,老一套(取这个意思),惯例(或者取这个意思)) of procedure are worn(这里是weak变成的形容词,意思是“用旧的”)? into the brain, they’re there to stay. instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass(绕过(取这个意思),路旁,还可以指搭桥手术) those old roads.
????????“the first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says dawna markova, author of the open mind. “but we are taught instead to ‘decide’, just as our president calls himself ‘the decider.’” she adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one(这里的one是跟前者形成对比对照,前者是杀死很多,那么这里就是保留一个). a good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”
????????all of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. at the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.
????????the current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “this breaks the major rule in the american belief system—that anyone can do anything,” explains m. j. ryan, author of the 2006 book this year i will…and ms. markova’s business partner. “that’s a lie that we have perpetuated(使持续,使长久(尤指不好的事物)), and it fosters commonness(共性,平凡,平庸(文章取这个意思)). knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” this is where developing new habits comes in(come in进来,起作用,有意义(文章取这个意思,显然文章是取的深层意思,而不是表面意思)).

一、文章结构分析这是一篇科技类文章,文章谈到培养新习惯对思维创新的作用。
文章首段回顾了传统观点的看法,
文章第二段通过一项最新的研究引出了对习惯的最新研究观点。
后四个段落则从不同方面鼓励人们培养新习惯。

21. in wordsworth’s view, “habits” is characterized by being __________.
? ? ? [a] casual? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? [b] familiar
? ? ? [c] mechanical? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? [d] changeable
21.根据wordsworth的观点,习惯具有特征。
【a】偶然的
【b】熟悉的
【c】机械的
【d】可变的

22. brain researchers have discovered that the formation of new habits can be __________.
? ? ? [a] predicted? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??
? ? ? [b] regulated
? ? ? [c] traced? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? [d] guided
22.研究人员发现习惯的形成可以被。
【a】预测
【b】控制
【c】跟踪
【d】指导

23. the word“ruts”(para. 4) is closest in meaning to __________.
? ? ? [a] tracks? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? [b] series
? ? ? [c] characteristics? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??
? ? ? [d] connections
23.第三段的“ruts”与含义接近。
【a】痕迹
【b】系列
【c】特征
【d】联系

24. dawna markova would most probably agree that __________.
? ? ? [a] ideas are born of a relaxing mind
? ? ? [b] innovativeness could be taught
? ? ? [c] decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas
? ? ? [d] curiosity activates creative minds
24.dawna markova将最可能同意。
【a】观念诞生于放松的大脑
【b】创新可以被教会
【c】决策源于奇妙的思想
【d】好奇激发创新思想

25. ryan’s comments suggest that the practice of standardized testing __________.
? ? ? [a] prevents new habits from being formed
? ? ? [b] no longer emphasizes commonness
? ? ? [c] maintains the inherent american thinking mode
? ? ? [d] complies with the american belief system
25.ryan的评论表明,标准测试的推行。
【a】阻碍新习惯的形成
【b】不再强调常识
【c】保持了美国人天生的思维模式
【d】和美国信仰体系是一致的

二、核心词汇与超纲词汇1.auto-pilot a.自动导航的
2.routine n.常规,例行公事 a.日常的,常规的
3.paradoxical a.反论的,荒谬的,自相矛盾的
4.rut n.车辙,常轨,惯例 v.在……形成车辙
5.pathway n.路径
6.highlight n.精彩场面,最显著(重要)部分 vt.加亮,使显著
7.foster vt.促进,养育,抚育 n.养育者,鼓励者

三、阅读答案:c d a d a四、全文翻译:?????????习惯是个非常有趣的东西。我们一不留心就陷入其中,我们的大脑进入自动导航状态,在放松中就陷入了熟悉的模式所带来的无意识的舒适中。william wordsworth在19世纪就说过“真正控制着缺乏思考的人类的不是选择,而是习惯”。在不断变化的21世纪,即使“习惯”这个字眼也含有贬义。
????????因此,好像在谈到创造力和创新能力时谈论习惯显得彼此有些矛盾。但是,大脑研究者已经发现,当我们有意识地培养新习惯时,我们也能创造出平行路径,甚至创造出全新的脑细胞,它们可以跳过我们现有的思维而进入新的创新路径。
????????我们并不是一成不变的习惯性动物,我们可以通过培养新的习惯的方式指引自己的变化,实际上,当我们尝试越多的新事物,当我们越多地走出自己舒适范围,我们内在的创造力就大,无论是在工作中还是在个人的生活中。
????????但不必费力气去消除旧的习惯;一旦这些常规旧式进入大脑,它们就留在那里了。相反,我们有意识地培养自己的新习惯创造出平行路径,这些路径可以绕过那些陈规的路径。
????????dawana markova是《开放式思维》一书的作者,她认为“创新所需要的第一要素就是对好奇的迷恋,但是我们却被训练去‘做决策’,正如我们的总裁,他把自己称作为‘决策者’”。她又补充道,“做决策就是铲除全部的可能性,只留下一个。而一个善于革新的思想家总在探索许多其他的可能性。”
????????她说:“我们所有人都在无意识中解决问题。”在20世纪60年代晚期,研究人员就发现人类天生就有能力以四种主要模式应对挑战:分析模式,流程模式,关系模式(或者叫合作模式),创新模式。而到了青春期,大脑就会把其中一半的能力关闭,仅留下那些我们在生命的前十几二十年中对我们最有价值的思考模式。
????????目前标准化测试强调的是分析模式和流程模式,这就意味着我们很少有人使用我们创造性思维模式和合作模式。m.j.ryan是2006年的那本书《今年我会…》的作者,也是markova女士的商业伙伴。如解释道:“这打破了美国信

仰体系的主要规则——任何人可以做任何事情。标准化测试是我们长久以来制造的一个谎言,它造就了平庸。了解我们的优势然后继续发展自己的优势会造就卓越”。这正是形成新习惯的意义所在。

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